The tragic Hero Essay Example for Free

The tragic Hero Essay Oedipus, the classic Greek tragedy by Sophocles, is one in which the protagonist is portrayed as a tragic hero. The author does this by combining the elements of irony, personal tragedy and heroism. In the play, Oedipuss character evokes pity because of his misfortune appears to be greater than he deserves hence the reader is left to empathise with him. His actions are controlled by fate and the reader is left to wonder why such a terrible thing is happening to such a good man. Power corrupts but absolute power corrupts absolutely. Humans seem to have a common running trait, and that is one of power and heroism. The quest for heroism becomes the basis of Oedipus the Kings demise. If this power however gets into ones mind, the results could be detrimental, and Oedipus the King is a living testimony of this. Since his actions are controlled by fate, no matter how hard he tries, he cannot prevent good or bad things from happening to him. Since fate is cannot be prevented from taking its course, his actions are quite futile. Aristotle said A tragic hero evokes our pity and terror if he is neither thoroughly good nor thoroughly evil but a mixture of both. The tragic effect is stronger if the hero is more mortal than we are. Oedipus is a mixture of both good and evil. In the opening scene he is seen as a compassionate king who is intelligent and caring. Oedipus prides himself on his intelligence and it is this along with his questioning personality that lead to his downfall. These are his good sides with his evil side being that is guilty of killing King Laois and sleeping with his own mother. Oedipus tries his best to be morally upright with everything that he does, which is more than the average person does. Aristotle also goes on to say the tragic hero suffers a change in fortune from happiness to misery because an error in judgement which leaves the tragic hero to ignore or violate a divine warning or moral law. In the play, Oedipus runs away form Corinth to Thebes and solves the riddle of the sphinx and is thus made the king of Thebes. He however marries the widowed queen and has children with her thus violating a moral law. His fortune changes from happiness to misery when he realises what he has done. A tragic hero evokes our pity because he is not evil and his misfortune is greater than he deserves. He evokes our fear because we realise we are fallible and could make the same error said Aristotle. Oedipus is flawed in many ways and as a result comes out as imperfect since he has a balance mixture of both good and evil. His fortune in saving Thebes becomes his downfall when he fulfils the oracle by sleeping with the queen, who unknown to him is his mother. Oedipus is imperfect and this is seen through his moral and physical flaws. He limps as a result of his feet being pinned together when he was quite young. Unknowingly sleeping with his mother and killing his father is his moral flaw. Thus, combining the heroism of Oedipus with his flaws makes him imperfect though higher than the ordinary man in many ways. Sophocles portrays the result, a classic example of a tragic hero in this play. Sophocles use of irony throughout the play brings to bear on the reader the gloom of Oedipuss situation. We constantly find Oedipus trying to escape the Oracle, but in doing so, ends up fulfilling it. This is seen when he says in the opening scene Everybody everywhere knows who I am. This ironic statement is said in the opening scene of the play when Oedipus comes out to meet the people. His true identity is unknown to him but he exclaims that everyone else knows who he is. Also, since he is such a great riddle solver, you would think he would be able to solve the riddle of his identity but he is unable to in the sight of overwhelming evidence, which is quite ironic. An example of the irony of his fate is when his parents try to prevent the oracle form being fulfilled by sending him away to be killed. He however returns and on his way fulfils the oracle by killing his father and later on marrying his mother. It seems strange to the reader that Oedipus is not more careful about what he does. For example, when he killed king Laois at the crossroads, he should have realised with the oracle in mind that anybody he kills is likely to be his father. He however reacts carelessly by succumbing to his emotions when the King annoys him. Oedipus returns to Thebes and saves it by solving the riddle of the sphinx. However, he leads to its destruction since he is the cause of the plague. It is destroying themes. Thus his fortune tends to be his misfortune. These examples show how Oedipus fulfils the oracle even though he is trying to escape. The reader gets a haunting glimpse into the mindset of Oedipuss wife and mother. This is portrayed to the reader through the actions that she takes. She is a woman who after all who wanted want to kill her son to prevent the oracle from being fulfilled only to find out years later that she is married to him, which leads her to commit suicide later on. She expresses her disbelief in the oracles by telling Oedipus that they are powerless, however, in the next scene she is praying to the oracles to help Oedipus to stop his strange behaviour. Also in this scene, a messenger brings news from Corinth that Polybos is dead and Oedipus should return to Corinth. Though Oedipus is pleased about the kings death since he proves that the oracles dont come true. Yet still he refuses to return because Merope is alive. His fear is that he will fulfil the prophecy since his mother is alive. Oedipus, remains a mystery to both the reader and himself. He does not know his true identity and this becomes the source of his demise. He comes to find out his true identity, but in doing so, his sudden tragic end is brought closer. The reader at this point is left to wonder, what is the way out. Unfortunately, the answer as we come to realise in the latter parts of the book is one that is not easy. Fate has already chosen Oedipuss destiny and nothing can change it. A feature of tragic plays by Shakespeare. The writer connotes a certain sombre picture and depressing mood, which is characteristic of most of Shakespearean tragedies. The employments of understatements that lead to humour are also evident in most parts of the text, and this makes for an interesting reading. For example throughout the play, there are references to sight such as, you cannot see, yet you know the nature of this plague and light, o light, light now everything is clear which are ironic because Oedipus blinds himself later on. Also, the blind prophet Teireseis knows about Oedipususs true identity but Oedipus who isnt physically blind does not know his true identity. His servant Kreon whose name means king is also an irony since he turns form a messenger to a king. Throughout the play, there are references to sight such as, you cannot see, yet you know the nature of this plague and light light, light now everything is clear which are ironic because Oedipus blinds himself later on. Also, the blind prophet Teireseis knows about Oedipususs true identity but Oedipus who isnt physically blind does not know his true identity. His servant Kreon whose name means king is also an irony since he turns form a messenger to a king There are three hero archetypes that suit the character of Oedipus; The quest, the initiation and the sacrificial scapegoat. Oedipus delivers Thebes by solving the riddle of the sphinx and thus fulfils the first archetype which is that of a hero who who solves an unanswerable riddle to save his kingdom. He does this on his journey to discover his true identity. The second archetype is that of the phase of separation. This happens when he leaves Thebes, is transformed and returns to become king and save his kingdom. The third archetype is when in order to save Thebes he has to banish himself from the kingdom to restore it back to fruitfulness. This has the elements of a tragedy because no matter the decision he makes he it is going to be detrimental to him. Even though Irony plays a crucial role, other elements such as heroism and tragedy come in the text. We find Oedipus entangled by his own principles. He is always in that twilight zone, one between acceptance of the harsh reality and total rejection of the things he goes through. The choice of the latter is detrimental to both his character and that of the people he leads and governs and he thus chooses the former remaining a true tragic hero.

The Choosing Of A Landfill Site Essay -- essays research papers

The Choosing of a Landfill Site There is currently much debate on the desirability of landfilling particular wastes, the practicability of alternatives such as waste minimisation or pre- treatment, the extent of waste pre-treatment required, and of the most appropriate landfilling strategies for the final residues. This debate is likely to stimulate significant developments in landfilling methods during the next decade. Current and proposed landfill techniques are described in this information sheet. Types of landfill Landfill techniques are dependent upon both the type of waste and the landfill management strategy. A commonly used classification of landfills, according to waste type only, is described below, together with a classification according to landfill strategy. The EU Draft Landfill Directive recognises three main types of landfill: Hazardous waste landfill Municipal waste landfill Inert waste landfill Similar categories are used in many other parts of the world. In practice, these categories are not clear-cut. The Draft Directive recognises variants, such as mono-disposal - where only a single waste type (which may or may not be hazardous) is deposited - and joint-disposal - where municipal and hazardous wastes may be co-deposited in order to gain benefit from municipal waste decomposition processes. The landfilling of hazardous wastes is a contentious issue and one on which there is not international consensus. Further complications arise from the difficulty of classifying wastes accurately, particularly the distinction between 'hazardous'/'non-hazardous' and of ensuring that 'inert' wastes are genuinely inert. In practice, many wastes described as 'inert' undergo degradation reactions similar to those of municipal solid waste (MSW), albeit at lower rates, with consequent environmental risks from gas and leachate. Alternatively, landfills can be categorised according to their management strategy. Four distinct strategies have evolved for the management of landfills (Hjelmar et al, 1995), their selection being dependent upon attitudes, economic factors, and geographical location, as well as the nature of the wastes. They are Total containment; Containment and collection of leachate; Controlled contaminant release and Unrestricted contaminant release. A) Total containment All movement of water into or out of the landfill is prevented. Th... ...eatment, and the most appropriate methods, are site-specific. The timescale required for active leachate management is dependent on the rate at which pollutants are flushed from the landfill. With conventional low- permeability top covers and containment strategies, it is likely that the timescale will be several centuries, for wastes with a high pollution potential, such as MSW. There is currently a great deal of interest in shortening this period by high- rate recirculation and partial treatment. As yet, these accelerated flushing techniques have not been proven at full-scale. Until they are, or until waste minimisation and pre-treatment reduce the pollution potential of the wastes that are landfilled, the long time-scales for pollution control arising from current landfill techniques will remain. References: 1.Hjelmar O, Johannessen LM, Knox K & Ehrig HJ, Composition and management of leachate from landfills the EU. To be presented at 5th International Landfill Symposium, Sardinia, October 1995 [return to text] within 2.Dept of the Environment, A review of water balance methods and their application to landfill in the UK, UK Dept of the Environment Report No. CWM 031/91.

Future Worlds Essay

I think future worlds will change earth entirely; there will probably be teleports and other, various new machinery that could revolutionize the way humans live and survive. Working may be a thing of the past if Robots start taking shape. Various kind of medical advancements might change how long we can live for; eternity might be possible in years down the track, that would make earth very crowded and we humans possibly would have to move planet and inhabit another land and environment, this could also make us evolve and we might need skills like wings or gills to help us survive the new living conditions. Other forms of life might be on other planets and cross breeding between ‘alien’ and ‘human’ might have an effect on the physical and mental changes of humans. If life down the track ends up like how it is stereotyped, then hover cars and flying cars might be the way we transport. Food might also be different, due to the fact that we are killing off animals as a source of meat. Plant life might also die off due to those same reasons. Another possible outcome in the future is the ice caps could melt, causing humans to become water bound, this could either wipe us out, or we could maybe adapt to these changes and change the way we can survive the new prominent element. War could also be another way the world is changed, as much is it is a horrible thing, it could help out thinning the numbers of humans populating earth. War could also make people in general poorer, which might stop the rapid growth in technology. After a war, lots of jobs would become available to repair, make or farm new things to help things improve and to regenerate growth in the world. The downside to wars is, smaller countries could be over run, many people die, families lose loved ones and people are forced to live with such vivid memories while fighting. The way the world is, really does depend on how us humans can maintain earth’s natural resources and how much the technological advancements can improves or hinder the way the world develops. Technological advancement to nuclear warfare could put an end to the world all together, Australia alone has 23% of the world nuclear power, if sold to the wrong people, the world could be gone or heavy mutation could occur, changing life form. A future world, at the moment is really just your imagination, there is very little knowledge of what the world will do, is there really a god? Will there be an Ice age? No one can really know for sure just yet, it is all an assumption and what you think in your own head.

Sexual Assault And Sexual Aggression - 1730 Words

Not a day goes by where we don’t see or hear about a story of sexual assault; whether it be on the news, someone we know personally, or a story we see on social media. Sexual assault is any unwanted sexual act against a person or without a person’s consent. Sexual assault refers to any sexual, physical, verbal or visual act that is forced upon a person. â€Å"Every 107 seconds, another American is sexually assaulted. This is an average of 293,000 victims each year† (Statistics). The culture in the United States can be defined as a rape culture. Emilie Buchwald, author of Transforming a Rape Culture, defines rape culture as â€Å"a complex set of beliefs that encourage male sexual aggression and supports violence against women. It is a society where violence is seen as sexy and sexuality as violent†¦ In a rape culture both men and women assume that sexual violence is a fact of life† (What is Rape Culture?). Examples of living in a rape culture include things like blaming the victim and teaching women to avoid getting raped rather than teaching men not to rape. Factors that play a role in creating a rape culture is the gap between men and women, gender roles, and the porn industry. Sex and gender are words that we interchange, but they mean completely different things. Sex refers to the biological characteristics that a person receives while they are developing, like their primary and secondary sex characteristics. Gender is the cultural or social norms that society places on a givenShow MoreRelatedSexual Assault, Sexual, And Sexual Aggression1381 Words   |  6 Pagesinvolves topics such as sexual assault, intimate partner violence and rape. Statistics shows that one in four women who reside in North America will be raped in their lifetime (â€Å"Sexual assault and rape statistics, Canada,† n.d.). The country in North America that I will focus my research on is Canada. Sexual violence Rape is one of the top five crimes c ommitted against women in Canada, and the sad part is that these women end up getting blamed for it. (â€Å"Issue brief: Sexual violence against women inRead MoreSexual Assault And Sexual Aggression2279 Words   |  10 PagesSexual assault is a board term that is a wide-range of sexual victimization, including rape. Sexual assault deals with being forced into any sexual acts that the person disagrees upon. Sexual assault will occur when the abuser makes sexual passes or without penetration. The action maybe physical force or psychological intimidation. The touching of a person’s sexual or intimate parts are sexual advances. Children who are in the middle stage of their child hood are developing the skill of self-evaluationRead MoreSexual Assault And Sexual Aggression931 Words   |  4 PagesThe definition of sexual assault is often blurred in today’s society, as the rate of these cases increases rapidly this simple definition seems as if it should be known. In reali ty defining a specific event or act as sexual assault can be very difficult because of the many situations and different accusations that arise throughout the large number of complicated cases. To reduce the number of these sometimes gruesome cases, there needs to be a goal to look toward while working to reduce this crimeRead MoreRape And Social Development Programs1519 Words   |  7 Pagesdefined as ‘the act of sexual intercourse committed by a man with a woman not his wife and without her consent’ (Anderson, 1997). In Canada, â€Å"rape was taken out of the Criminal Code and replaced with â€Å"sexual assault†. 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Have women ever had a say aboutRead MoreThe Criminal Lawsuit And Rape1640 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"contributory negligence† in its defense, citing that the victim—who was working as a prison clerk at the same state prison her rapist was serving his sentence at—knew that the prisoner had open access to her office and therefore partially contributed to her assault. The two problems that arise from this are (1) contributory negligence is tort rule that is â€Å"abolished in most jurisdictions† and (2) the fact that the defendants (the state prison, the prison superintendent, the Department of Corrections) were notRead MoreThe Social Context Of Academia1459 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy, Patricia presented how the interplay of two levels of campus context promotes sexual assault on campus. Firstly, she defines an external environment consisting of the academic institution as a definite form of political, social, and economic context. 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The article provides estimates of the rate of acquaintance rape, recounting the situations surrounding the acquaintance rape, and people wo rking toward making policies against this type of aggression. This article focuses on the themes of underreporting of the assaults, the prevalence of sexual assault on college campuses, and the link between alcohol use and assault. Underreporting happens normally because the assault was done by someone

Human Neural Stem Cell Tropism - 857 Words

ARTICLE TITLE: Human Neural Stem Cell Tropism to Metastatic Breast Cancer ESSAY TITLE: The Investigation of a therapeutic implication on metastatic breast cancer with a specialized human neural stem cell that is programed to secrete carboxylesterase combined with activated form of an ionotecan by targeting a specific tumor site and major cytokine involved in mediating susceptibility of neural stem cells to breast cancer cells. SCIENTIFIC SUMMARY: Metastatic Breast Cancer is characterized as a severe stage of the breast cancer that continuously spread to other organs. In order to propose a chemotherapy mechanism to the metastatic breast cancer, Aboody and her group induced human neural stem cell (NSC) in a preclinical nude mouse model to target tumor metastases. They were able to propose a therapeutic implication that may prevent the progression of the metastatic by confirming a significant correlation relationship between NSC tumor with hallmarks of breast cancer, by finding a major cytokine (IL-6) that attracts NSC tropism to breast cancer cells, by determining the specific tumor metastatic sites of NSCs with IL-6 expression, and by designing a NSCs that can secrete an enzyme involved in drug metabolism. (Figure 1,2,5) Both negative and positive result experiment verified that NSCs were selectively migrating and invading tumor and metastases on selected sites of tumor metastases, which are lymph node, lung, femur, and liver in the early stage and brain at a later stage.Show MoreRelatedMicroglial and Neurological Disorder2037 Words   |  9 Pageswell as neural development disorders. Emerging evidence implicates microglial play critical roles to the CNS development of the brain. Microglial are unique population arise from immature yolk-sac macrophages that migrate and colonize the developing brain (Ginhoux et al., 2010; Ransohoff and Cardona, 2010). Interestingly, microglial (or their precursor cells) are selectively integrating into proliferative neurogenic zone of the proliferation and regulating the size of neural precursor cell pool viaRead MoreThe And Of The Structure Of Dna3909 Words   |  16 Pagesaltering the neurons with lower resolution methods such as electrodes or drugs. This method has some fundamental flaws as electrodes cannot distinguish between different cell types (Crick 1979.) In addition the drug method were very slow, sometimes taking days or months. In the following years scientists were able to target specific cells such as temperature and chemicals (alexander et all 2009), however the precision of light is unmatched. In addition light g ives millisecond precision which is very importantRead MoreNeoplasia10526 Words   |  43 Pagesprocess of new growth whilst Neoplasm means a new growth. Sometimes, the parenchyma cells stimulate the formation of an abundant collagenous stroma, referred to as desmoplasia. Some tumours e.g. some cancers of breast are stony hard or scirrhous. Sarcomas have little connective tissue stroma and so are fleshy. Pseudo tumours: i) An ectopic rest of normal tissue is sometimes called a choristoma e.g a rest of adrenal cells under the kidney capsule or a pancreatic nodular rest in the mucosa of the small

The Effects of Greek Theatre on Women - 3640 Words

Effect of Greek Theatre on Women â€Å"Theatre is the art that shaped the Hellene culture, and that is the single most influential culture that shaped the world (Germal 57)†. The people of ancient Greece, known as the people Hellenes, were responsible for many firsts, theatre being among them. Theatre and other arts flourished in ancient Greece between 550 BCE and 220 BCE. Its geographic influence was momentous, spanning through parts of modern day Italy, Turkey, Egypt, Spain, and France. These productions were showcased and funded by the government, making them accessible to all citizens. This allows for an accurate portrayal of Greek culture due to the large amount of people that experienced it, as it was an integral part of their culture,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"This ever changing people’s history is left in the few remaining volumes the works of comedy, tragedy, and satire (____________90)†. One of the earliest Greek records of satire can be traced to around 500 B.C. Early Greek satires (Satyrs or Satyric dramas) were in essence comedy plays, usually fairly bawdy, and often involved men dressed as Satyrs (clearly the root of the word Satyric). Satyrs were mythological creatures with the upper half of a man and the bottom half of a goat or horse. Satyr was one of three forms of Athenian drama, nestling comfortably as a new genre alongside tragedy and comedy. Satyr was quickly developed between the writers Pratinas, Aristeas, and Aeschylus. These new Satyrs did not begin life as fully developed features - they were instead used as interval pieces to relieve the seriousness of tragic plays. These comic pieces, counterpointing and parodying the tragedy, became extremely popular devices and led to the extension of the form. Ancient Greek comedy was one of the final three principal dramatic forms in the theatre of classical Greece (the others being tragedy and the satyr play). Athenian comedy is conventionally divided into three periods, Old Comedy, Middle Comedy, and New Comedy. Old Comedy survives today largely in the form of the eleven surviving plays of Aristophanes, while Middle Comedy is largely lost, i.e. preserved only in relatively short fragments in authors such as Athenaeus of Naucratis. New Comedy is knownShow MoreRelatedDifference between Greek and Modern Theatres1514 Words   |  7 Pages The Difference between Greek and Modern theatres Kimberly Legaspi February 25th, 2013 Word count: 1478 Difference between Greek and Modern Theatres   Theatre today as in ancient Greek times is a popular form of entertainment. Today’s theatres share many similarities with the Greek  predecessors however they are also very different. There are in fact  many differences for example; layout, special effects, seating  arrangement, the importance of drama and religion, setting, location  and architecturalRead MoreRomeo and Juliet826 Words   |  4 Pagesstory is played in the theatre style of the Renaissance; audiences could see violence, young boys are playing female rolls without wearing masks, many scenes and time change. However, if it was played in Greek theatre style, the audience could see a different style of performance and there would be a different effect. In Greek Theatre we would see no violence; males would play female parts by wearing masks, there would be one setting and day light only. In the Renaissance theatre violence was shownRead MoreEssay on Ancient Greek Theater: the Forerunner to Modern Theatre1211 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent sound effects set the mood of the play in order to understand more clearly what is going on. With these certain conventions, the audience can get a true grasp of a story which several actors are trying to portray. However, it hasn’t always been this easy to enjoy a play in a theater. Theatre and plays go back as far as â€Å"B.C.† times. Theater has been a means of art and entertainment for thousands of years dating back to the fifth century B.C. The beginning marked with the ancient Greek theatersRead MoreThe Greek Of Greek Tragedy1514 Words   |  7 PagesAllis, Greek Theatre Ancient Greek tragedy is still relevant today because the themes and issues expressed within it are still present in the 21st century such as undeserved suffering, death and relationships. The greeks produced many great works of art and theatre as well as revolutionising politics, ethics, aesthetics and philosophy with philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle and their theories such as their theories on form and Catharsis. 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The des ign of The Globe Theater included the features of the existing sport ringsRead MoreThe Orgins of Greek Theatre2397 Words   |  10 PagesThere is no denying the fact that theatre is truly a link between all civilizations it comes in many forms spiritual rituals, storytelling, hymns, odes, and performances. It has been utilized during the many downfalls of civilizations as a means of communication and was truly shaped by the Greeks. The origins of theatre can be traced back to the Greeks as a religious ritual to their gods, to their implementations of the technical aspects of theatre, through their plays and also through the actualRead MoreGreek Mythology Of Ancient Greece1551 Words   |  7 PagesBeautiful architecture, democracy, theatre, and the Olympic games; these are just a few of the many wonders Ancient Greece had to offer. However, one of the most memorable creations of Ancient Greece would have to be Greek mythology. These myths included hundreds of stories and teachings that would have a lasting effect on Greek culture for centuries to come. When taking a deeper look into some of these myths, one may notice gender and sexual behavior to be themes that occur quite frequently. OneRead MoreAnalyse the Dramatic Uses of the Chorus in Greek Tragedy; in What Ways Do Traces of the Choric Function Occur in Twentieth-Century Drama?3335 Words   |  14 PagesThe full influence of Greek tragedy upon our modern theatre is incomprehensible, with the mainstays of theatrical convention largely demonstrating roots within Greek tragedy. The choric function is just one of these conventions. This essay hopes to explore various uses of the Chorus within Greek tragedies by Aeschylus and Sophocles, and then to analyse how traits of a Greek Chorus, and the choric function can be found within 20th Century Theatre. The Chorus in Greek tragedy was a large group (it

Employment Relations and Implications †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Employment Relations and Implications. Answer: Primary focus and problems explored The primary focus of the paper is to highlight various factors of nonstandard employment relations. For an example, non-standard employment refers to employments like contract company employment, part time work, short term and contingent work and many more. The practice of nonstandard employment recently got popularity among several industries and the focal point of this paper is to highlight on the advantages and disadvantages of this nonstandard employment relations. Before 1970, standard work arrangement was popular and generally accepted where the employees had to come to the business place or at the office and get their job done under the supervision and direction of the employer, but post 1970s, things started to change. Changing market and huge change in economy made the organizations look for a flexible employment structure to increase the productivity and the profitability of the organizations (Lakhani, Kuruvilla and Avgar 2013). The technological advancements triggered the adaptation of the nonstandard framework of employment and that immensely boosted the productivity and profitability of several organizations. There are some advantages and disadvantages of this structure of employment and those are mentioned in this section. Part time employees increase the productivity along with profitability as they do not earn as much as the experienced full timers earn and as a worker in several times they take up responsibilities just as the full timers. Sometimes the part timers are treated as employees with low status, but this needs to be stopped. For this reason in some developed countries like France, Belgium, Spain has amended their labor law and mentioned that here should be equal treatment for the part time and full time workers in every organization (Keuskamp et al. 2013. Key ideas and arguments From the reading it is been evident that the general workforce currently divided into two groups in terms of full-timer employees and employees of nonstandard employment structure, such as part-timers, contractual employees and various others. The advantages and disadvantages of the both employment structure is evident and there is no way to deny the fact that the nonstandard structure of employment has helped to increase the productivity and profitability of various organizations from the year of 1970. A lot of managers in todays market, says that part time workers are making it difficult for the full time workers as they demand lesser money and working very hard. Thus business leaders are getting inclined towards recruiting more part time workers than recruiting full time employees. On the other hand there are many theories supporting the part time workers, because some critics say that, these part time workers are making it easier for the organizations to increase productivity and profitability in a very short time. In the time of emergencies these part time workers work really hard to get the job done, so they have become an integral part in the business sector (Cappelli and Keller 2013). There have been several arguments whether the traditional employment structure was better than the nonstandard employment structure. In this case, it is evident that in the current scenario the demand of nonstandard employment structure is high and the importance of it cannot be denied (Kalleberg 2000). Issues emerged out while reading the paper Some merits and demerits were reveled while reading the paper and it is worth mentioning that the nonstandard structure of employment has unarguably provided a boost in several organizations but in recent times several countries have not yet updated their labor laws regarding this issue and that needs to be changed immediately for the benefits of the employees under nonstandard employment structure (Cappelli and Keller 2013). They are an important part of the employment sector and this is not something not to be remembered. Because of them several organizations achieved success in recent times and they should deserve some recognition. In recent times, developed countries like Belgium, United Kingdom, and Spain have already amended their labor laws benefiting the part time workers as they understood the importance of them in the society. These are the things all students should keep in mind while learning anything about the nonstandard structure of employment (Kalleberg 2000). References Cappelli, P. and Keller, J.R., 2013. Classifying work in the new economy. Academy of Management Review,38(4), pp.575-596. Kalleberg, A.L., 2000. Nonstandard employment relations: Part-time, temporary and contract work.Annual review of sociology,26(1), pp.341-365. Keuskamp, D., Mackenzie, C.R., Ziersch, A.M. and Baum, F.E., 2013. Deliberately casual? Workers' agency, health, and nonstandard employment relations in Australia.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine,55(6), pp.620-627. Lakhani, T., Kuruvilla, S. and Avgar, A., 2013. From the firm to the network: Global value chains and employment relations theory.British Journal of Industrial Relations,51(3), pp.440-472. Okafor, E.E., 2012. Emerging nonstandard employment relations and implications for human resource management functions in Nigeria.African Journal of Business Management,6(26), p.7612.