Future Worlds Essay

I think future worlds will change earth entirely; there will probably be teleports and other, various new machinery that could revolutionize the way humans live and survive. Working may be a thing of the past if Robots start taking shape. Various kind of medical advancements might change how long we can live for; eternity might be possible in years down the track, that would make earth very crowded and we humans possibly would have to move planet and inhabit another land and environment, this could also make us evolve and we might need skills like wings or gills to help us survive the new living conditions. Other forms of life might be on other planets and cross breeding between ‘alien’ and ‘human’ might have an effect on the physical and mental changes of humans. If life down the track ends up like how it is stereotyped, then hover cars and flying cars might be the way we transport. Food might also be different, due to the fact that we are killing off animals as a source of meat. Plant life might also die off due to those same reasons. Another possible outcome in the future is the ice caps could melt, causing humans to become water bound, this could either wipe us out, or we could maybe adapt to these changes and change the way we can survive the new prominent element. War could also be another way the world is changed, as much is it is a horrible thing, it could help out thinning the numbers of humans populating earth. War could also make people in general poorer, which might stop the rapid growth in technology. After a war, lots of jobs would become available to repair, make or farm new things to help things improve and to regenerate growth in the world. The downside to wars is, smaller countries could be over run, many people die, families lose loved ones and people are forced to live with such vivid memories while fighting. The way the world is, really does depend on how us humans can maintain earth’s natural resources and how much the technological advancements can improves or hinder the way the world develops. Technological advancement to nuclear warfare could put an end to the world all together, Australia alone has 23% of the world nuclear power, if sold to the wrong people, the world could be gone or heavy mutation could occur, changing life form. A future world, at the moment is really just your imagination, there is very little knowledge of what the world will do, is there really a god? Will there be an Ice age? No one can really know for sure just yet, it is all an assumption and what you think in your own head.

Sexual Assault And Sexual Aggression - 1730 Words

Not a day goes by where we don’t see or hear about a story of sexual assault; whether it be on the news, someone we know personally, or a story we see on social media. Sexual assault is any unwanted sexual act against a person or without a person’s consent. Sexual assault refers to any sexual, physical, verbal or visual act that is forced upon a person. â€Å"Every 107 seconds, another American is sexually assaulted. This is an average of 293,000 victims each year† (Statistics). The culture in the United States can be defined as a rape culture. Emilie Buchwald, author of Transforming a Rape Culture, defines rape culture as â€Å"a complex set of beliefs that encourage male sexual aggression and supports violence against women. It is a society where violence is seen as sexy and sexuality as violent†¦ In a rape culture both men and women assume that sexual violence is a fact of life† (What is Rape Culture?). Examples of living in a rape culture include things like blaming the victim and teaching women to avoid getting raped rather than teaching men not to rape. Factors that play a role in creating a rape culture is the gap between men and women, gender roles, and the porn industry. Sex and gender are words that we interchange, but they mean completely different things. Sex refers to the biological characteristics that a person receives while they are developing, like their primary and secondary sex characteristics. Gender is the cultural or social norms that society places on a givenShow MoreRelatedSexual Assault, Sexual, And Sexual Aggression1381 Words   |  6 Pagesinvolves topics such as sexual assault, intimate partner violence and rape. Statistics shows that one in four women who reside in North America will be raped in their lifetime (â€Å"Sexual assault and rape statistics, Canada,† n.d.). The country in North America that I will focus my research on is Canada. Sexual violence Rape is one of the top five crimes c ommitted against women in Canada, and the sad part is that these women end up getting blamed for it. (â€Å"Issue brief: Sexual violence against women inRead MoreSexual Assault And Sexual Aggression2279 Words   |  10 PagesSexual assault is a board term that is a wide-range of sexual victimization, including rape. Sexual assault deals with being forced into any sexual acts that the person disagrees upon. Sexual assault will occur when the abuser makes sexual passes or without penetration. The action maybe physical force or psychological intimidation. The touching of a person’s sexual or intimate parts are sexual advances. Children who are in the middle stage of their child hood are developing the skill of self-evaluationRead MoreSexual Assault And Sexual Aggression931 Words   |  4 PagesThe definition of sexual assault is often blurred in today’s society, as the rate of these cases increases rapidly this simple definition seems as if it should be known. In reali ty defining a specific event or act as sexual assault can be very difficult because of the many situations and different accusations that arise throughout the large number of complicated cases. To reduce the number of these sometimes gruesome cases, there needs to be a goal to look toward while working to reduce this crimeRead MoreRape And Social Development Programs1519 Words   |  7 Pagesdefined as ‘the act of sexual intercourse committed by a man with a woman not his wife and without her consent’ (Anderson, 1997). In Canada, â€Å"rape was taken out of the Criminal Code and replaced with â€Å"sexual assault†. Sexual assault in Canada does not have a definitive definition rather just assault that is sexual in nature. It is also split into three different levels of charges: Common, weapon/bodily harm, and aggravated (Depending on the severity of bodily harm). The sexual portion is just anythingRead More Victimization of Women Essay1156 Words   |  5 Page sdominate women.† Each is a relation of hierarchy, an inequality, with particularities and variations within and between them. (Cite Orange book pg. 92.) For centuries, women have been viewed and used as a man’s â€Å"property†, whether it is being used for sexual satisfaction or for the sake of bearing children and taking care of the home. Men are typically perceived as head of the household and whatever they say goes; anything to satisfy their hunger for power and control. Have women ever had a say aboutRead MoreThe Criminal Lawsuit And Rape1640 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"contributory negligence† in its defense, citing that the victim—who was working as a prison clerk at the same state prison her rapist was serving his sentence at—knew that the prisoner had open access to her office and therefore partially contributed to her assault. The two problems that arise from this are (1) contributory negligence is tort rule that is â€Å"abolished in most jurisdictions† and (2) the fact that the defendants (the state prison, the prison superintendent, the Department of Corrections) were notRead MoreThe Social Context Of Academia1459 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy, Patricia presented how the interplay of two levels of campus context promotes sexual assault on campus. Firstly, she defines an external environment consisting of the academic institution as a definite form of political, social, and economic context. Secondly, she describes an internal environment including affluent fraternities and athletic groups.(2015) In these groups, practices of aggression and sexual exploitation of women are rewarded and embedded as a part of organizational culturesRead More Prison Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pagesinmate is extremely high. But do we know what goes on in our prisons and jails? We know we have prison gangs, drugs, assaults, robberies, and even murders in prison. But what happens when you mix an overcrowded prison or jail with violent, drug using, angry, abusive, gang related men with the average person who is in prison or jail for the first time. The result is an aggressi ve sexual act known as inmate rape. The fight against rape in our communities is doomed to failure and will continue so as longRead MoreEssay on Sexual Victimization of Women1160 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to a statement addressing the sexual victimization of college women The Crime and Victimization in America states that, â€Å" One out of four women will be sexually assaulted on a college campus.† This disturbing fact has not minimized throughout the years, instead it is continuing to worsen throughout college campuses. Sexual assault is not an act to be taken lightly. Society must stop pinpointing the individuals who commit these crimes one by one, but rather look at the problem as a wholeRead MoreAcquaintance Rape And The College Social Scene1595 Words   |  7 Pagesof the cases of sexual assaults at a specific college campus. The article provides estimates of the rate of acquaintance rape, recounting the situations surrounding the acquaintance rape, and people wo rking toward making policies against this type of aggression. This article focuses on the themes of underreporting of the assaults, the prevalence of sexual assault on college campuses, and the link between alcohol use and assault. Underreporting happens normally because the assault was done by someone

Human Neural Stem Cell Tropism - 857 Words

ARTICLE TITLE: Human Neural Stem Cell Tropism to Metastatic Breast Cancer ESSAY TITLE: The Investigation of a therapeutic implication on metastatic breast cancer with a specialized human neural stem cell that is programed to secrete carboxylesterase combined with activated form of an ionotecan by targeting a specific tumor site and major cytokine involved in mediating susceptibility of neural stem cells to breast cancer cells. SCIENTIFIC SUMMARY: Metastatic Breast Cancer is characterized as a severe stage of the breast cancer that continuously spread to other organs. In order to propose a chemotherapy mechanism to the metastatic breast cancer, Aboody and her group induced human neural stem cell (NSC) in a preclinical nude mouse model to target tumor metastases. They were able to propose a therapeutic implication that may prevent the progression of the metastatic by confirming a significant correlation relationship between NSC tumor with hallmarks of breast cancer, by finding a major cytokine (IL-6) that attracts NSC tropism to breast cancer cells, by determining the specific tumor metastatic sites of NSCs with IL-6 expression, and by designing a NSCs that can secrete an enzyme involved in drug metabolism. (Figure 1,2,5) Both negative and positive result experiment verified that NSCs were selectively migrating and invading tumor and metastases on selected sites of tumor metastases, which are lymph node, lung, femur, and liver in the early stage and brain at a later stage.Show MoreRelatedMicroglial and Neurological Disorder2037 Words   |  9 Pageswell as neural development disorders. Emerging evidence implicates microglial play critical roles to the CNS development of the brain. Microglial are unique population arise from immature yolk-sac macrophages that migrate and colonize the developing brain (Ginhoux et al., 2010; Ransohoff and Cardona, 2010). Interestingly, microglial (or their precursor cells) are selectively integrating into proliferative neurogenic zone of the proliferation and regulating the size of neural precursor cell pool viaRead MoreThe And Of The Structure Of Dna3909 Words   |  16 Pagesaltering the neurons with lower resolution methods such as electrodes or drugs. This method has some fundamental flaws as electrodes cannot distinguish between different cell types (Crick 1979.) In addition the drug method were very slow, sometimes taking days or months. In the following years scientists were able to target specific cells such as temperature and chemicals (alexander et all 2009), however the precision of light is unmatched. In addition light g ives millisecond precision which is very importantRead MoreNeoplasia10526 Words   |  43 Pagesprocess of new growth whilst Neoplasm means a new growth. Sometimes, the parenchyma cells stimulate the formation of an abundant collagenous stroma, referred to as desmoplasia. Some tumours e.g. some cancers of breast are stony hard or scirrhous. Sarcomas have little connective tissue stroma and so are fleshy. Pseudo tumours: i) An ectopic rest of normal tissue is sometimes called a choristoma e.g a rest of adrenal cells under the kidney capsule or a pancreatic nodular rest in the mucosa of the small

The Effects of Greek Theatre on Women - 3640 Words

Effect of Greek Theatre on Women â€Å"Theatre is the art that shaped the Hellene culture, and that is the single most influential culture that shaped the world (Germal 57)†. The people of ancient Greece, known as the people Hellenes, were responsible for many firsts, theatre being among them. Theatre and other arts flourished in ancient Greece between 550 BCE and 220 BCE. Its geographic influence was momentous, spanning through parts of modern day Italy, Turkey, Egypt, Spain, and France. These productions were showcased and funded by the government, making them accessible to all citizens. This allows for an accurate portrayal of Greek culture due to the large amount of people that experienced it, as it was an integral part of their culture,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"This ever changing people’s history is left in the few remaining volumes the works of comedy, tragedy, and satire (____________90)†. One of the earliest Greek records of satire can be traced to around 500 B.C. Early Greek satires (Satyrs or Satyric dramas) were in essence comedy plays, usually fairly bawdy, and often involved men dressed as Satyrs (clearly the root of the word Satyric). Satyrs were mythological creatures with the upper half of a man and the bottom half of a goat or horse. Satyr was one of three forms of Athenian drama, nestling comfortably as a new genre alongside tragedy and comedy. Satyr was quickly developed between the writers Pratinas, Aristeas, and Aeschylus. These new Satyrs did not begin life as fully developed features - they were instead used as interval pieces to relieve the seriousness of tragic plays. These comic pieces, counterpointing and parodying the tragedy, became extremely popular devices and led to the extension of the form. Ancient Greek comedy was one of the final three principal dramatic forms in the theatre of classical Greece (the others being tragedy and the satyr play). Athenian comedy is conventionally divided into three periods, Old Comedy, Middle Comedy, and New Comedy. Old Comedy survives today largely in the form of the eleven surviving plays of Aristophanes, while Middle Comedy is largely lost, i.e. preserved only in relatively short fragments in authors such as Athenaeus of Naucratis. New Comedy is knownShow MoreRelatedDifference between Greek and Modern Theatres1514 Words   |  7 Pages The Difference between Greek and Modern theatres Kimberly Legaspi February 25th, 2013 Word count: 1478 Difference between Greek and Modern Theatres   Theatre today as in ancient Greek times is a popular form of entertainment. Today’s theatres share many similarities with the Greek  predecessors however they are also very different. There are in fact  many differences for example; layout, special effects, seating  arrangement, the importance of drama and religion, setting, location  and architecturalRead MoreRomeo and Juliet826 Words   |  4 Pagesstory is played in the theatre style of the Renaissance; audiences could see violence, young boys are playing female rolls without wearing masks, many scenes and time change. However, if it was played in Greek theatre style, the audience could see a different style of performance and there would be a different effect. In Greek Theatre we would see no violence; males would play female parts by wearing masks, there would be one setting and day light only. In the Renaissance theatre violence was shownRead MoreEssay on Ancient Greek Theater: the Forerunner to Modern Theatre1211 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent sound effects set the mood of the play in order to understand more clearly what is going on. With these certain conventions, the audience can get a true grasp of a story which several actors are trying to portray. However, it hasn’t always been this easy to enjoy a play in a theater. Theatre and plays go back as far as â€Å"B.C.† times. Theater has been a means of art and entertainment for thousands of years dating back to the fifth century B.C. The beginning marked with the ancient Greek theatersRead MoreThe Greek Of Greek Tragedy1514 Words   |  7 PagesAllis, Greek Theatre Ancient Greek tragedy is still relevant today because the themes and issues expressed within it are still present in the 21st century such as undeserved suffering, death and relationships. The greeks produced many great works of art and theatre as well as revolutionising politics, ethics, aesthetics and philosophy with philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle and their theories such as their theories on form and Catharsis. Many people suggest that modern day theatre and performanceRead MoreLady Wynmeres Fan by Oscar Wylde1394 Words   |  6 Pages To perform a Greek drama we need three things; they are audience, performers and something to perform. I must exclaim that it is the same with modern theatre. All the three elements are required today also. So does it means nothing has changed in past twenty five hundred years? I don’t think so. From presentation of a particular subject to the elitism in the drama, everything has changed over period of time. I choose to write about the transformation in status of women from Greek drama to VictorianRead MoreTheater in Ancient Greece1631 Words   |  7 PagesTheatre in Ancient Greece Among the many inventions of the ancient Greeks, there have been a few that have specifically impacted modern day life for the better. Many of the things that are taken for granted today can be accredited to the intellectual minds of the people of ancient Greece. Our complicated plumbing and sewage systems that manage sanitation in most of the cities in the world have their roots in ancient society. The earliest concept of the crane was also developed during this timeRead MoreThe Globe Theater, Home of Many of Shakespeares Plays Essay1026 Words   |  5 PagesArchitecture based on the structures similar to The Coliseum in Ancient Rome. Architecture on a grand size would house a capacity between 1500 to 3000 people. Classic Greek and Romans admired by the Elizabethans and sometimes great columns included the architecture. The Globe Theater design reflected the elements of Roman or Greek classical plays. It had supposed that the Globe Theater had an octagonal shaped building. The des ign of The Globe Theater included the features of the existing sport ringsRead MoreThe Orgins of Greek Theatre2397 Words   |  10 PagesThere is no denying the fact that theatre is truly a link between all civilizations it comes in many forms spiritual rituals, storytelling, hymns, odes, and performances. It has been utilized during the many downfalls of civilizations as a means of communication and was truly shaped by the Greeks. The origins of theatre can be traced back to the Greeks as a religious ritual to their gods, to their implementations of the technical aspects of theatre, through their plays and also through the actualRead MoreGreek Mythology Of Ancient Greece1551 Words   |  7 PagesBeautiful architecture, democracy, theatre, and the Olympic games; these are just a few of the many wonders Ancient Greece had to offer. However, one of the most memorable creations of Ancient Greece would have to be Greek mythology. These myths included hundreds of stories and teachings that would have a lasting effect on Greek culture for centuries to come. When taking a deeper look into some of these myths, one may notice gender and sexual behavior to be themes that occur quite frequently. OneRead MoreAnalyse the Dramatic Uses of the Chorus in Greek Tragedy; in What Ways Do Traces of the Choric Function Occur in Twentieth-Century Drama?3335 Words   |  14 PagesThe full influence of Greek tragedy upon our modern theatre is incomprehensible, with the mainstays of theatrical convention largely demonstrating roots within Greek tragedy. The choric function is just one of these conventions. This essay hopes to explore various uses of the Chorus within Greek tragedies by Aeschylus and Sophocles, and then to analyse how traits of a Greek Chorus, and the choric function can be found within 20th Century Theatre. The Chorus in Greek tragedy was a large group (it

Employment Relations and Implications †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Employment Relations and Implications. Answer: Primary focus and problems explored The primary focus of the paper is to highlight various factors of nonstandard employment relations. For an example, non-standard employment refers to employments like contract company employment, part time work, short term and contingent work and many more. The practice of nonstandard employment recently got popularity among several industries and the focal point of this paper is to highlight on the advantages and disadvantages of this nonstandard employment relations. Before 1970, standard work arrangement was popular and generally accepted where the employees had to come to the business place or at the office and get their job done under the supervision and direction of the employer, but post 1970s, things started to change. Changing market and huge change in economy made the organizations look for a flexible employment structure to increase the productivity and the profitability of the organizations (Lakhani, Kuruvilla and Avgar 2013). The technological advancements triggered the adaptation of the nonstandard framework of employment and that immensely boosted the productivity and profitability of several organizations. There are some advantages and disadvantages of this structure of employment and those are mentioned in this section. Part time employees increase the productivity along with profitability as they do not earn as much as the experienced full timers earn and as a worker in several times they take up responsibilities just as the full timers. Sometimes the part timers are treated as employees with low status, but this needs to be stopped. For this reason in some developed countries like France, Belgium, Spain has amended their labor law and mentioned that here should be equal treatment for the part time and full time workers in every organization (Keuskamp et al. 2013. Key ideas and arguments From the reading it is been evident that the general workforce currently divided into two groups in terms of full-timer employees and employees of nonstandard employment structure, such as part-timers, contractual employees and various others. The advantages and disadvantages of the both employment structure is evident and there is no way to deny the fact that the nonstandard structure of employment has helped to increase the productivity and profitability of various organizations from the year of 1970. A lot of managers in todays market, says that part time workers are making it difficult for the full time workers as they demand lesser money and working very hard. Thus business leaders are getting inclined towards recruiting more part time workers than recruiting full time employees. On the other hand there are many theories supporting the part time workers, because some critics say that, these part time workers are making it easier for the organizations to increase productivity and profitability in a very short time. In the time of emergencies these part time workers work really hard to get the job done, so they have become an integral part in the business sector (Cappelli and Keller 2013). There have been several arguments whether the traditional employment structure was better than the nonstandard employment structure. In this case, it is evident that in the current scenario the demand of nonstandard employment structure is high and the importance of it cannot be denied (Kalleberg 2000). Issues emerged out while reading the paper Some merits and demerits were reveled while reading the paper and it is worth mentioning that the nonstandard structure of employment has unarguably provided a boost in several organizations but in recent times several countries have not yet updated their labor laws regarding this issue and that needs to be changed immediately for the benefits of the employees under nonstandard employment structure (Cappelli and Keller 2013). They are an important part of the employment sector and this is not something not to be remembered. Because of them several organizations achieved success in recent times and they should deserve some recognition. In recent times, developed countries like Belgium, United Kingdom, and Spain have already amended their labor laws benefiting the part time workers as they understood the importance of them in the society. These are the things all students should keep in mind while learning anything about the nonstandard structure of employment (Kalleberg 2000). References Cappelli, P. and Keller, J.R., 2013. Classifying work in the new economy. Academy of Management Review,38(4), pp.575-596. Kalleberg, A.L., 2000. Nonstandard employment relations: Part-time, temporary and contract work.Annual review of sociology,26(1), pp.341-365. Keuskamp, D., Mackenzie, C.R., Ziersch, A.M. and Baum, F.E., 2013. Deliberately casual? Workers' agency, health, and nonstandard employment relations in Australia.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine,55(6), pp.620-627. Lakhani, T., Kuruvilla, S. and Avgar, A., 2013. From the firm to the network: Global value chains and employment relations theory.British Journal of Industrial Relations,51(3), pp.440-472. Okafor, E.E., 2012. Emerging nonstandard employment relations and implications for human resource management functions in Nigeria.African Journal of Business Management,6(26), p.7612.

Employment Relations and Implications †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Employment Relations and Implications. Answer: Primary focus and problems explored The primary focus of the paper is to highlight various factors of nonstandard employment relations. For an example, non-standard employment refers to employments like contract company employment, part time work, short term and contingent work and many more. The practice of nonstandard employment recently got popularity among several industries and the focal point of this paper is to highlight on the advantages and disadvantages of this nonstandard employment relations. Before 1970, standard work arrangement was popular and generally accepted where the employees had to come to the business place or at the office and get their job done under the supervision and direction of the employer, but post 1970s, things started to change. Changing market and huge change in economy made the organizations look for a flexible employment structure to increase the productivity and the profitability of the organizations (Lakhani, Kuruvilla and Avgar 2013). The technological advancements triggered the adaptation of the nonstandard framework of employment and that immensely boosted the productivity and profitability of several organizations. There are some advantages and disadvantages of this structure of employment and those are mentioned in this section. Part time employees increase the productivity along with profitability as they do not earn as much as the experienced full timers earn and as a worker in several times they take up responsibilities just as the full timers. Sometimes the part timers are treated as employees with low status, but this needs to be stopped. For this reason in some developed countries like France, Belgium, Spain has amended their labor law and mentioned that here should be equal treatment for the part time and full time workers in every organization (Keuskamp et al. 2013. Key ideas and arguments From the reading it is been evident that the general workforce currently divided into two groups in terms of full-timer employees and employees of nonstandard employment structure, such as part-timers, contractual employees and various others. The advantages and disadvantages of the both employment structure is evident and there is no way to deny the fact that the nonstandard structure of employment has helped to increase the productivity and profitability of various organizations from the year of 1970. A lot of managers in todays market, says that part time workers are making it difficult for the full time workers as they demand lesser money and working very hard. Thus business leaders are getting inclined towards recruiting more part time workers than recruiting full time employees. On the other hand there are many theories supporting the part time workers, because some critics say that, these part time workers are making it easier for the organizations to increase productivity and profitability in a very short time. In the time of emergencies these part time workers work really hard to get the job done, so they have become an integral part in the business sector (Cappelli and Keller 2013). There have been several arguments whether the traditional employment structure was better than the nonstandard employment structure. In this case, it is evident that in the current scenario the demand of nonstandard employment structure is high and the importance of it cannot be denied (Kalleberg 2000). Issues emerged out while reading the paper Some merits and demerits were reveled while reading the paper and it is worth mentioning that the nonstandard structure of employment has unarguably provided a boost in several organizations but in recent times several countries have not yet updated their labor laws regarding this issue and that needs to be changed immediately for the benefits of the employees under nonstandard employment structure (Cappelli and Keller 2013). They are an important part of the employment sector and this is not something not to be remembered. Because of them several organizations achieved success in recent times and they should deserve some recognition. In recent times, developed countries like Belgium, United Kingdom, and Spain have already amended their labor laws benefiting the part time workers as they understood the importance of them in the society. These are the things all students should keep in mind while learning anything about the nonstandard structure of employment (Kalleberg 2000). References Cappelli, P. and Keller, J.R., 2013. Classifying work in the new economy. Academy of Management Review,38(4), pp.575-596. Kalleberg, A.L., 2000. Nonstandard employment relations: Part-time, temporary and contract work.Annual review of sociology,26(1), pp.341-365. Keuskamp, D., Mackenzie, C.R., Ziersch, A.M. and Baum, F.E., 2013. Deliberately casual? Workers' agency, health, and nonstandard employment relations in Australia.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine,55(6), pp.620-627. Lakhani, T., Kuruvilla, S. and Avgar, A., 2013. From the firm to the network: Global value chains and employment relations theory.British Journal of Industrial Relations,51(3), pp.440-472. Okafor, E.E., 2012. Emerging nonstandard employment relations and implications for human resource management functions in Nigeria.African Journal of Business Management,6(26), p.7612.

Caribbean Studies Essay Sample free essay sample

Natural catastrophes are defined as natural calamities which cause great harm by interrupting the operation of a society. Natural catastrophes are inevitable and omnipresent worldwide. Within the Caribbean. three chief natural catastrophes are hurricanes. temblors. inundations. The great amendss caused by natural catastrophes may be divided into two classs: societal and economic and environmental. However. this essay will turn to the societal and economic impact of these natural catastrophes on the Caribbean and how to cut down the effects of these catastrophes. In respects to the essay. Hurricanes ( with particular accent being placed on Hurricane Gilbert ) and inundations every bit good as two Caribbean districts. Jamaica and Haiti will be utilised severally. The undermentioned points will be discussed in footings of hurricane: loss of lives and homelessness. break of communities. employment ( societal impact ) procedure of money being diverted into alleviation activities and Recon struction. Gross Domestic Product ( economic impacts ) . Conversely points that will be discussed for deluging are: nutrient deficit and the taint of H2O. loss of places ( societal impacts ) and the overall impact on the economic system every bit good as aid received from foreigners ( economic impacts ) . A hurricane is a type of tropical cyclone. which is by and large formed in the Torrid Zones. This tropical cyclone is accompanied by electrical storms. heavy rainfall. implosion therapy and strong air currents. The economic and societal effects of this phenomenon are terrible. particularly in less developed Caribbean states. Haiti for illustration. A hurricane can do major loss of lives and besides homelessness. Hurricane Gilbert struck the Caribbean and the Gulf Coast of Mexico in 1988. doing comprehensive harm in Jamaica. Haiti. Guatemala. Honduras. Dominican Republic. Costa Rica. and Nicaragua. Approximately 21 lives were lossed in Jamaica during this hurricane. and it left over 400 people homeless. Crops were destroyed ; farm animal husbandmans were left to dispose of farm animate beings that were perished during the hurricane and public-service corporation poles uprooted. As a consequence of the amendss from a hurricane. unemployment can go a major societal impact. as the installations for occupations can be severely damaged. The economic impact of Hurricanes on Caribbean districts can retard development. The money that a state has. is now diverted into alleviation activities and Reconstruction of damaged belongingss. All these losingss can pass over out whatever gain that may hold been achieved in economic development. Approximately $ 4 billion was diverted into Reconstruction. when hurricane Gilbert came to Jamaica ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nationmaster. com/graph/dis_hur_gil_imp_imp_dam-disasters-hurricane-gilbert-impact-damage ) . Once the hazard posed by hurricanes is understood. specific extenuation steps can be taken to cut down the hazard to communities. substructure. and economic activities. Human and economic losingss can be greatly reduced through well-organized attempts to implement appropriate preventative steps. in public consciousness and in publishing timely warnings. Thankss to these steps. states in the part have experienced a drastic decrease in the figure of deceases caused by hurricanes. Extenuation steps are most cost-efficient when implemented as portion of the original program or building of vulnerable constructions. Typical illustrations are the application of edifice criterions designed for hurricane-force air currents. the turning away of countries that can be affected by storm rush or implosion therapy. and the planting of shelterbelts to protect wind-sensitive harvests. Retrofiting edifices or other undertakings to do them hurricane-resistant is more dearly-won and sometimes impossible. Once a undertaking is located in a flood-prone country. it may non be executable to travel it to safer land. The overall record on extenuation of hurricane hazard in the Caribbean and Central America is non really encouraging. Cases abound of new investings in the populace or productive sectors that were exposed to important jeopardy hazard because of inappropriate design or location. and even of undertakings that were rebuilt in the same manner on the same site after holding been destroyed a first clip. Other instances can be cited of schools and infirmaries funded with bilateral assistance that were built to plan criterions suited for the donor state but incapable of defying hurricane-strength air currents prevalent in the recipient state. The touristry sector in the Caribbean is ill-famed for its evident neglect of the hazard of hurricanes and associated jeopardies. A hotel composite built with deficient reverse from the high-water grade non merely risks being damaged by wave action and storm rush. but interferes with the normal procedures of beach formation and dune stabilisation. therefore cut downing the effectivity of a natural system of protection against wave action. After the first serious harm is incurred the proprietors of the hotel will most likely decide to reconstruct on the same site and put in a breakwater. instead than see traveling the construction to a recommended reverse. The effectivity of national exigency readiness offices of states in the part is frequently earnestly limited because of unequal institutional support and a deficit of proficient and fiscal resources. In the smaller Caribbean islands. these offices are largely one-man operations. with the individual in charge responsible for many oth er non-emergency affairs. It would be unrealistic to anticipate them to be able to move efficaciously at the local degree in instances of area-wide exigencies. such as those caused by hurricanes. It is hence indispensable to heighten the capacity of the population in little towns and small towns to fix for and respond to exigencies by their ain agencies. From 1986 through 1989. the OAS/Natural Hazards Project has worked with several Eastern Caribbean states to measure the exposure of little towns and small towns to natural jeopardies. and develop local catastrophe directors and community leaders in forming hazard appraisals and extenuation in their communities. These activities have resulted in the readying of a preparation manual with attach toing picture for usage by local leaders. This attempt has focused on lifeline networks-transportation. communications. H2O. electricity. sanitation-and critical installations related to the public assistance of the dwellers. such as infirmaries and wellness centres. schools. constabularies and fire Stationss. community installations. and exigency shelters. The balance of this chapter is dedicated to a drumhead overview of the procedure by which the leading in a little town or small town can present effectual jeopardy extenuation. D. COPING WITH HURRICANES IN SMALL TOWNS AND VILLAGES 1. Inventory of Lifeline Networks and Critical Facilities 2. Learning the Operation of Lifelines and Facilities and Their Potential for Disruption by Hurricane 3. Checking the Vulnerability of the Lifelines and Facilities through Field Inspection and Investigation 4. Establishing a Positive Working Relationship with the Agencies and Companies that Manage the Infrastructure and Services of the Community 5. Developing an Understanding of the Total Risk to the Community 6. Explicating a Extenuation Scheme The grade to which local communities can last harm and break from terrible storms and hurricanes besides depends to a big extent on how good the basic services and substructure. the common goods of the community. stand up to the air current and rain attach toing these storms. Whereas single households bear full duty for fixing their ain shelter to defy the effects of storms. they have a much more limited function in guaranting that their common services are safeguarded. yet one that can non be neglected. Non-governmental bureaus involved in low income lodging building and upgrading have developed practical and low cost steps for increasing the opposition of self-built houses to hurricane force air currents. Typical of attempts of this nature is the work performed by the Construction Resource and Development Centre ( CRDC ) in Jamaica. which produced educational stuffs and organized workshops on house and roof Reconstruction following Hurricane Gilbert. The chief duty for presenting an consciousness and concern in the community sing the